المعاملات النقدية في المغرب الأقصى في عصر الأسرة السعدية (916 : 1069هـ - 1510: 1659 م)

Most of Morocco’s cities sought to issue currency because of its importance in trade and economic transactions. Cash transactions in the Maghreb region varied during the sixteenth century between Wattasid and Saadi currencies, including gold and silver coins. In the coastal cities, the use of European money prevailed due to the existence of trade relations between these cities and Europe, on the one hand; and on the other hand, it was a result of the fact that some Moroccan coastal cities came under direct European rule during that period, for example the Portuguese and Spanish rials.
However, this diversity in the monetary system of al-Maghrib al-Aqṣá, and the changes in its form and value as a result of political changes at the time led to economic problems that led some Moroccan regions to resort to the use of copper and iron coins in addition to dealing with the barter system using cloth, gold and iron, etc.
This, of course, contributed to the instability of the monetary system in al-Maghrib al-Aqṣá during that period. It is worth mentioning that the lack of political stability in the Far East for more than half-a-century during the period of the study, and the consequent security instability, led to the use of another form of monetary dealings: bonds, bills, and cheques.
The research is divided into four axes and a conclusion, as follows:
The factors that led to the diversification of monetary transactions in Morocco.
Types of cash transactions.
Minting Centers.
The problems that resulted from the diversity of monetary dealings in al-Maghrib al-Aqṣá.